Kinase modulators approved by FDA in 2022 / 药学学报

The FDA approved a total of 37 new drugs in 2022, including 22 new molecular entities and 15 new biological products. This is the year with the lowest number of new drugs approved by the FDA since 2017. Among these approved drugs, 21 new drugs belong to the "first-in-class" category, accounting for 56% of the total approved drugs, which is the highest ratio in the past 10 years. Among the drugs approved in 2022, there are 5 small molecule kinase modulators, including the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) allosteric inhibitor deucravacitinib, the first oral pyruvate kinase (PK) activator mitapivat, the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) selective inhibitor abcrocitinib, the JAK2 selective inhibitor pacritinib and the broad-spectrum fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor futibatinib. This review briefly describes the discovery background, research and development process, synthesis routes and clinical efficacy and safety of small molecule kinase modulators approved by the FDA in 2022, hoping to provide ideas and methods for further research on kinase modulators.

Subtipos de Dislexia do Desenvolvimento Descritos no Português Brasileiro: Uma Revisão Integrativa / Developmental Dyslexia Subtypes Described in Brazilian Portuguese: An Integrative Review / Subtipos de Dislexia del Desarrollo Descritos en Portugués Brasileño: Una Revisión Integradora

A heterogeneidade na dislexia do desenvolvimento pode ser compreendida por meio dos subtipos de dislexia do desenvolvimento (SDD), porém não foram encontrados estudos que avaliassem a literatura brasileira sobre SDD. A presente revisão buscou responder quais SDD foram identificados no português brasileiro. Foram incluídos estudos empíricos, em inglês ou português, que descrevessem ao menos um SDD, bem como critérios diagnósticos, com participantes brasileiros. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases Scielo, Pubmed e Google Scholar. Como resultado, foram encontrados 11 estudos referentes a seis SDD, sendo as dislexias fonológicas e de superfície as mais presentes, e foram descritas as definições, critérios de identificação e instrumentos de avaliação utilizados em cada estudo. Foi discutida a heterogeneidade de definições, critérios de identificação e instrumentos de avaliação encontrados. Destacam-se o pequeno número de relatos em comparação com a literatura internacional e a necessidade de tarefas padronizadas, validadas e sensíveis aos SDD no português brasileiro.(AU)

The present review aimed to explore the subtypes of developmental dyslexia (SDD), identified in the Brazilian literature, considering the heterogeneity in developmental dyslexia. This review included empirical studies in English or Portuguese, involving Brazilian students, and describing at least one SDD, along with diagnostic criteria. Searches were conducted in the Scielo, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. The review identified 11 studies, which covered six different SDD. Phonological and surface dyslexia were the most commonly reported subtypes. The review discussed the variations in definitions, identification criteria, and evaluation instruments used in these studies. It also highlighted the limited number of reports in the Brazilian literature compared to international sources and emphasized the need for standardized, validated tasks in Brazilian Portuguese that are SDD-sensitive.(AU)

La heterogeneidad en la dislexia del desarrollo puede comprenderse a través de los subtipos de dislexia del desarrollo (SDD), pero no se encontraron estudios que evalúen la literatura brasileña sobre SDD. Esta revisión buscó responder cuáles los SDD se han identificado en el portugués brasileño. Se incluyeron estudios empíricos con participantes brasileños en inglés o portugués que describieran al menos un SDD y sus criterios de diagnósticos. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Scielo, Pubmed y Google Scholar. Como resultado, se encontraron 11 estudios relacionados con seis SDD, siendo las dislexias fonológicas y de superficie las más comunes, y se describieron las definiciones, criterios de identificación e instrumentos de evaluación utilizados en cada estudio. Se discutió la heterogeneidad de definiciones, criterios de identificación y herramientas de evaluación encontradas. Se destaca el escaso número de informes en comparación con la literatura internacional y la necesidad de tareas estandarizadas, validadas y sensibles a SDD en el portugués brasileño.(AU)

A study of teaching module on subcutaneous drug administration and communication skills in pharmacology according to competency-based medical education curriculum

Background: Theory lectures in pharmacology are covering various oral and parenteral routes of drug administration, mainly focusing on knowledge domain, but soft and psychomotor skills were less taught in undergraduate students. Demonstrating correct method of subcutaneous route of drug administration and communication skills as introduced by competency-based medical education (CBME) competency-based curriculum will help in early acquisition of the skills and minimize the errors in administration in insulin, heparin, and vaccines. Aim and Objectives: The aims of this study were to teach the subcutaneous drug administration (S/C) and communication skills to undergraduate students in pharmacology and to evaluate the perception of students and teachers toward new CBME curriculum. Materials and Methods: Correct technique of subcutaneous drug administration was demonstrated on mannequins after browsing through the videos of S/C route. Students were told to perform it independently on mannequins. Perception of students and staff members were collected with pre-validated questionnaire provided after the practical teaching hours. Results: In our study, majority of students (94%) felt that learning S/C route of drug administration correctly will help in managing various patients like administration of insulin in diabetic patients in their near future days. They were well advanced in communicating with patients regarding usage of medications and were (90%) also in favor of introduction of this experiment in UG curriculum. Conclusions: Our study concluded that subcutaneous teaching technique introduced by CBME curriculum in practical classes was well accepted by students and were more confident in soft skills and psychomotor skills at the end of the study.

Formulation and evaluation of Buccal mucoadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium using 23 factorial designs

Buccal tablets

Diclofenac sodium

Drug release

Mucoadhesion

Mucoadhesive tablets

Release kinetics

Review on exposure characteristics and health effects of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances / 环境与职业医学

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a new type of persistent organic pollutants that have received extensive attention in recent years. This article reviewed the population characteristics of environmental exposure to PFAS, as well as the potential health effects. Previous studies have verified that people are exposed to PFAS mainly through ingestion, and food and water are the dominant contributors. In terms of exposure characteristics, geographical, gender, age, and occupational differences have an impact on the level of PFAS exposure in the corresponding populations by influencing their behavioral characteristics and metabolic levels, with occupational exposure receiving more attention, especially in the exploration of novel PFAS. PFAS associate with a variety of adverse health effects caused by hepatorenal toxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. However, some of the conclusions are not completely consistent, and the published epidemiological studies have focused on children and young people, lacking relevant data of the elderly. Future research can pay more attention to the elderly population and carry out validation exploration on controversial conclusions.

Manufacturing classification system for oral solid dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicines(Ⅰ): classification of processing routes / 中国中药杂志

Oral solid dosage(OSD) occupies a key position in the market of Chinese patent medicines and new traditional Chinese medicines. Processing route is the foundation for the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine OSDs. On the basis of prescriptions and preparation methods of 1 308 traditional Chinese medicine OSDs recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, we summarized the patterns of processing routes of both modern dosage forms(tablets, granules, and capsules) and traditional dosage forms(pills and powder) and constructed a manufacturing classification system(MCS) based on the processing routes. Based on the MCS, statistical analyses were conducted respectively on medicinal materials, pharmaceutical excipients, extraction solvents in the pretreatment process, crushed medicinal materials, methods of concentration and purification, and methods of drying and granulation, aiming to uncover the process features. The results showed that each dosage form can be prepared via different routes with different processing methods of decoction pieces and raw materials for dosage preparation. The raw materials for dosage form preparation of traditional Chinese medicine OSDs included total extract, semi-extract, and total crushed powder, which accounted for different proportions. The raw materials for traditional dosage forms are mainly decoction pieces powder. Semi-extracts are the main raw materials for tablets and capsules, which account for 64.8% and 56.3%, respectively. Total extracts are the main raw materials for granules, with a proportion of 77.8%. Compared with tablets and capsules, traditional Chinese medicine granules with dissolubility requirements had a larger proportion of water extraction process, a higher proportion of refining process(34.7%), and a lower proportion of crushed medicinal mate-rials in semi-extract granules. There are four ways to add volatile oil to the modern dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicine. In addition, some new technologies and processes have been used in concentration, filtration, and granulation processes of traditional Chinese medicine OSDs, and the application of pharmaceutical excipients is diversified. The results of this study are expected to provide reference for the processing route design and upgrading of OSDs for new traditional Chinese medicines.

A new biosynthesis route for production of 5-aminovalanoic acid, a biobased plastic monomer / 生物工程学报

5-aminovalanoic acid (5AVA) can be used as the precursor of new plastics nylon 5 and nylon 56, and is a promising platform compound for the synthesis of polyimides. At present, the biosynthesis of 5-aminovalanoic acid generally is of low yield, complex synthesis process and high cost, which hampers large-scale industrial production. In order to achieve efficient biosynthesis of 5AVA, we developed a new pathway mediated by 2-keto-6-aminohexanoate. By combinatory expression of L-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus, α-ketoacid decarcarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis and aldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli, the synthesis of 5AVA from L-lysine in Escherichia coli was achieved. Under the initial conditions of glucose concentration of 55 g/L and lysine hydrochloride of 40 g/L, the final consumption of 158 g/L glucose and 144 g/L lysine hydrochloride, feeding batch fermentation to produce 57.52 g/L of 5AVA, and the molar yield is 0.62 mol/mol. The new 5AVA biosynthetic pathway does not require ethanol and H2O2, and achieved a higher production efficiency as compared to the previously reported Bio-Chem hybrid pathway mediated by 2-keto-6-aminohexanoate.

Apport de la piézochirurgie et l'ostéotomie dans la surélévation sinusienne par voie crestale / Contribution of piezosurgery and osteotomy in crestal sinus lift

Dans la région postérieure maxillaire, après extractions dentaires, les crêtes subissent une résorption osseuse continue. Dans cette région s'ajoute un obstacle anatomique formé par le sinus maxillaire qui nécessite des conduites particulières avant et au moment de la pose d'implants. Parmi les techniques d'augmentation de volume osseux, la voie d'abord crestale

In the maxillary posterior region, after dental extractions, the ridges undergo continuous bone resorption. In this region, there is also an anatomical obstacle formed by the maxillary sinus, which requires special management before and at the time of implant placement. Techniques for bone augmentation include the crestal approach with osteotomes and piezo surgery

India-China's Strategic-Contest for Supremacy in Central Asia

There has long been a relationship between India, China, and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). The Silk Route served as this triad's conduit to Europe and other western countries historically as well. The major declarations made during the first fictitious India-Central Asia conference under Prime Minister Modi and the competition for the same from his Chinese counterpart show how important Central Asia is to both India and China even now. Even though Central Asian countries and both China and India are members of the S.C.O., there is still a geopolitical struggle and a tremendous game going on. India and China's engagements are still influenced by Afghanistan in distinct ways. This research will discuss the historical and contemporary patterns of Indian and Chinese interactions in Central Asia. By obtaining access to the world's supply systems via Central Asia, it would also draw attention to the struggle for supremacy. As both India and China have enormous production facilities, the huge and untapped market and the availability of raw resources will eventually strengthen these interactions

La salud de los conductores de las rutas en Uruguay. Estudio acerca del estado de salud-enfermedad de los conductores profesionales de las rutas departamentales y nacionales. Uruguay 2021 / A study on the health status of professional drivers in national routes and regional roads. Uruguay 2021 / Estudo sobre o estado de saúde-doença de motoristas profissionais de rotas departamentais e nacionais. Uruguai 2021

Introducción: la siniestralidad vial es un problema de salud pública(1). La Unidad Nacional de Seguridad Vial (UNASEV) informa que en 2019 fallecieron 422 personas por esta causa, el 52% falleció en rutas nacionales(2). El factor humano es clave en este fenómeno multifactorial, y es muy importante el estado de salud de los conductores profesionales. No existen estudios dirigidos específicamente a evaluar este aspecto en nuestro país. Objetivo: conocer el estado de salud-enfermedad de los conductores profesionales del transporte terrestre de pasajeros y de carga que trabajaron en rutas nacionales y departamentales durante mayo-agosto de 2021. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal, dirigido a conductores mayores de 18 años con libreta profesional, que recorren más de 100 km en una jornada laboral en rutas del corredor internacional y la red primaria de la Red Vial Nacional(3). Se utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado y anónimo. Resultados: 112 conductores respondieron el cuestionario, 97,3% hombres, con una media de 43,5 años, predominantemente de Canelones (24,1%), Montevideo y San José (16,1% respectivamente). 67,8% conducía transporte de cargas. 59,8% percibía tener un buen estado de salud. Respecto a la prevalencia de enfermedades predominaron las osteoarticulares (55,3% lumbalgia). En lo referente a los estilos de vida, declararon dormir una media de 6,75 h por día, y un 39,3% tuvo que detener la marcha para dormir. El 77,8% eran sedentarios. 65,2% no consumía fármacos, y en el último mes, 92,8% consumió mate, 19,64% alcohol y dos conductores, cocaína. El 54,5% negó tener médico de referencia. Discusión: se realizó con la Coordinadora de Sindicatos del Transporte, la Asociación Nacional de Empresas de Transporte Carretero (ANETRA) y UNASEV. Preocupa la subdeclaración de patologías, de consumo de medicación y sustancias, y proponen mejoras en la atención a la salud de los trabajadores y en la accesibilidad al médico de referencia.

Summary: Introduction: road accidents are a Public Health issue. The UNASEV (National Unit of Road Safety) reported that 422 people died in road accidents in 2019, and 52% of them died in national routes. The human factor is a key element in this multi-factor phenomenon, and therefore, the health status of route professional drivers is extremely important. There are no specific studies addressing this aspect in our country. Objective: to learn about the health-disease status of professional drivers in the land freight or passenger transport sector, who work in national and regional routes between May and August 2021. Method: descriptive, transversal study focusing on drivers over 18 years old, holder of professional drivers' licenses, who cover distances greater than 100 km during a working day in national routes and the primary network of the National Road Network. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was used. Results: 112 drivers answered the questionnaire, 97.3% of which were male. Average age was 43.5 years old, and most of them came from Canelones (24.1%), Montevideo and San José (16.1%) respectively. 67.8% were transporting loads and 59.8% thought their health status was good. As to diseases, osteoarticular conditions prevailed (55.3% had back pain). In terms of lifestyle, drivers declared they slept 6.74 hours per day on average, and 39.3% stated they needed to stop driving in order to sleep. 77.8% led a sedentary life, 65.2% used some kind of medication, and in the last month, 98.8% consumed mate (national infusion), 19.64% alcohol and 2 drivers used cocaine. 54.5% stated they had no primary physician. Discussion: a discussion was held with the Coordinating Entity of Transport Unions, the National Association of Route Transport Companies (ANETRA) and UNASEV. The under-declaration of diseases and consumption of medication and substances are reasons of concern, and proposals were made to improve the health care services of workers and their access to a primary physician.

Introdução: os acidentes rodoviários são um problema de Saúde Pública. A Unidade Nacional de Segurança Rodoviária (UNASEV) informa que em 2019, 422 pessoas morreram por essa causa, e 52% morreram nas rotas nacionais. O Fator Humano é fundamental neste fenômeno multifatorial, sendo muito importante o estado de saúde dos motoristas profissionais nas vias. Não existem estudos especificamente voltados para avaliar esse aspecto no Uruguai. Objetivo: conhecer a relação saúde-doença dos motoristas profissionais do transporte terrestre de passageiros e de carga, que trabalham nas rotas nacionais e departamentais no período maio-agosto de 2021. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal, de condutores maiores de 18 anos com habilitação profissional, que trafegam mais de 100 km em uma jornada de trabalho em trechos do corredor internacional e da rede primária da Rede Rodoviária Nacional. Foi utilizado um questionário anônimo autoaplicável. Resultados: 112 motoristas responderam ao questionário, 97,3% homens, com média de idade de 43,5 anos, predominantemente de Canelones (24,1%), Montevidéu e San José (16,1% respectivamente). 67,8% conduziram o transporte de cargas. 59,8% perceberam ter um bom estado de saúde. Em relação à prevalência de doenças, predominaram as doenças osteoarticulares (55,3% lombalgia). Quanto ao estilo de vida, declararam dormir em média 6,75 horas por dia, e 39,3% tiveram que parar de conduzir para dormir. 77,8% eram sedentários. 65,2% não consumiram drogas e, no último mês, 92,8% consumiram mate, 19,64% álcool e 2 motoristas, cocaína. 54,5% negaram ter médico de referência. Discussão: este estudo foi realizado com a Coordenadoria dos Sindicatos dos Transportes, a Associação Nacional das Empresas de Transporte Rodoviário (ANETRA) e a UNASEV. A subnotificação de patologias, consumo de medicamentos e uso de substâncias psicoativas é preocupante; os participantes propõem melhorias na atenção à saúde dos trabalhadores e no acesso a um médico de referência.

Ethnobotanical Survey and Agro-Morphological Characterization of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc., Zingiberaceae) Cultivars in South Benin

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc., Zingiberaceae), a cultivated annual herbaceous plant is one of the most important spices consumed in the world with many medicinal properties. It is an income-generating plant for its production. This study aims to document endogenous knowledge on speculation as well as an agro-morphological characterization in order to make it better known and to reveal its potential to the whole world. The ethnobotanical data obtained by a semi-structured survey conducted from a questionnaire in six (06) municipalities in southern Benin made it possible to determine the local taxonomy of Ginger, the cultural practices and the different uses of the species. Ginger has been introduced in Benin for decades and in all the area study. The local names for the species as well as its uses, vary according to locality. As for the agro-morphological characterization, a complete random block device composed of five sub-plots was used. The experimental data allowed us to obtain three classes with all the accessions collected. Ginger cultivation is widespread in the study area with production on a small area. The cultivation techniques adopted do not follow any defined technical itinerary and the production tools are often rudimentary. The cultivation of ginger is therefore limited despite its multiple medicinal and economic potential. The institutions in charge of agriculture do not have data concerning the cultivation of ginger in southern Benin.

A study of teaching module on intramuscular drug administration and communication skills in pharmacology according to CBME curriculum

Background: Theory classes in pharmacology are taking care of teaching of various oral and parenteral routes of drug administration, mainly focusing on knowledge domain but soft and psychomotor skills are under taught or deficient in undergraduate students. Demonstrating correct method of intramuscular route of drug administration and communication skills as introduced by competency based medical education (CBME) competency-based curriculum, will help in early acquisition of the skills and minimize the errors in administration. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study is to teach the IM drug administration and communication skills to undergraduate students in pharmacology and to evaluate the perception of students and teachers toward new CBME curriculum. Materials and Methods: Correct technique of intramuscular drug administration was demonstrated on mannequins after going through the videos of IM. Students were told to perform it independently on mannequins. Perception of students and staff members were collected with pre-validated questionnaire provided after the practical teaching hour. Results: In our study, the majority of students (96%) felt that learning IM route of drug administration correctly will help in managing the patients in their near future days. They were well advanced in communicating with patients regarding usage of medications and were (86%) also in favor of introduction of this experiment in UG curriculum. Conclusions: Our study concluded that IM teaching technique introduced by CBME curriculum in practical classes was well accepted by students and were more confident in soft skills and psychomotor skills at the end of the study.

Establishment and evaluation of a BALBc mouse model of Burkholderia pseudomallei via nasal infection / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective To establish an animal model of BALB/c mice infected with Burkholderia pseudomallei through the nose (inhalation route), provides a reliable animal model for the follow-up studies on the virulence of melioidosis and the pathogenesis of acute melioidosis. Methods　The experiment was carried out through infecting with Burkholderia pseudomallei through the nose (inhalation route). The pathophysiological response, visceral pathological damage and bacterial colonization of the mice infected with Burkholderia pseudomallei were observed by gross anatomy, histopathology and tissue homogenate count, and the biological characteristics of the mouse model of acute melioidosis were analyzed accordingly. Then we compared the physiological responses in BALB/c mice between the Burkholderia pseudomallei and non-pathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis. Results　In the model of acute nasal infection with Burkholderia thailandensis, most death happened between the 3rd to 5th day after infection, 3×105-3×106 CFU was the suitable dose for acute fatal melioidosis model of BALB/c mice, and the medium lethal dose was about 3×104-3×105 CFU. Both gross anatomy and tissue HE staining showed that abscesses or necrosis were found in the lung, spleen and liver, especially in the spleen and lung, which was positively correlated with the challenge dose. Viable bacteria was isolated from the blood, lung, spleen and liver of Burkholderia pseudomallei-infected mice, and the bacteria account colonization was related to tissue specificity. The concentration of live bacteria isolated from in the blood was the highest [Log2 value: (10.28±0.34) CFU/mL], and the organ with the maximum quantity of bacteria was the lung [Log2 value: (7.54±2.11) CFU/total organ]. It has been reported that the biological effects of Burkholderia pseudomallei and its homologous non-pathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis were similar at the cellular level, like multi-nuclear giant cell formation and active intracellular replication, while it is still unclarrified in the differences of virulence in mice. In this study, it was proved that Burkholderia thailandensis was not fatal to mice even at a high dose (8×107CFU), or detected from mice infected with it via nasal. Conclusion　We successfully established a reliable BALB/c mouse model (acute lethal model) of melioidosis via nasal infection, described its biological characteristics, and identified the different biological responses between Burkholderia pseudomallei and its homologous non-pathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis in mice.

Epidemiological trend of notifiable infectious diseases in Yangpu District of Shanghai during 1950‒2020 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the characteristics and trends of notifiable infectious diseases in Yangpu District of Shanghai， from 1950 to 2020， and to provide scientific basis for the formulation of control measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological method was used to collect and analyze the epidemiological data of notifiable infectious diseases. ResultsA total of 1 186 675 cases from 38 types of infectious diseases were reported. The annual morbidity of Class A and Class B infectious diseases fluctuated between 138.22/105 and 7 861.45/105， showing a decreasing trend. Among the 3 785 cases of death， the top five were measles， viral hepatitis， dysentery， tuberculosis and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. The high incidence diseases were intestinal infectious diseases， and the respiratory infectious diseases fluctuated in a wide range. Furthermore， blood-borne infectious diseases and sexual -transmitted diseases had continued to increase in recent years. As the result of normative vaccination， the incidence of associated infectious disease showed a downward trend. ConclusionThe incidence of infectious diseases in Yangpu District was on the drop from 1950 to 2020. Prevention and control work should focus on respiratory infectious diseases， blood-borne infectious diseases and sexual -transmitted diseases in the future. Furthermore， it is important to guarantee normative vaccination， especially， for prevention and control of infectious diseases.

Research progress on new dosage forms of progesterone and its preparation methods / 药学学报

Progesterone is currently the first-line drug for the treatment and prevention of threatened abortion and habitual abortion. With the gradual liberalization of China's childbirth policy, the number of elderly parturients has increased significantly. As a result, the market demand for progesterone and the individual requirements have been continuously improved. Clinical studies have found that the indications of progesterone are not limited to gynecological diseases, but can also be used for the treatment of renal colic, traumatic brain injury and other diseases. Existing progesterone preparations include oral capsules, intramuscular injections, vaginal gels, etc., but they can no longer meet the current market situation and the increase of indications. Improving existing preparations, developing new preparations, and opening up new routes of administration have become one of the directions of progesterone drug research. This article will review the research progress of new dosage forms in existing administration, new routes of administration and related preparation methods of progesterone.

An overview of Zika virus genotypes and their infectivity

ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA arbovirus belonging to the genus Flavivirus. It was first isolated from a sentinel monkey in Uganda in 1947. More recently, ZIKV has undergone rapid geographic expansion and has been responsible for outbreaks in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and America. In this review, we have highlighted the influence of viral genetic variants on ZIKV pathogenesis. Two major ZIKV genotypes (African and Asian) have been identified. The Asian genotype is subdivided into Southwest Asia, Pacific Island, and American strains, and is responsible for most outbreaks. Non-synonymous mutations in ZIKV proteins C, prM, E, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, and NS4B were found to have a higher prevalence and association with virulent strains of the Asian genotype. Consequently, the Asian genotype appears to have acquired higher cellular permissiveness, tissue persistence, and viral tropism in human neural cells. Therefore, mutations in specific coding regions of the Asian genotype may enhance ZIKV infectivity. Considering that mutations in the genomes of emerging viruses may lead to new virulent variants in humans, there is a potential for the re-emergence of new ZIKV cases in the future.

Una verdad con muchos interrogantes: preguntas incómodas sobre las cifras oficiales del conflicto armado en Colombia / A Truth with Many Questions: Uneasy Questions about the Official Figures on the Armed Conflict in Colombia

Resumen Las cifras suelen revestirse con un manto de veracidad y contundencia que pocos replican porque se piensa que éstas son un reflejo de la realidad y que los datos son meras agregaciones de hechos constatables. Este artículo hace preguntas incómodas a cuatro cifras oficiales del conflicto armado y revela sus implicaciones en las luchas por la verdad. Su énfasis se pone en cómo los contextos, los mediadores y las decisiones metodológicas interfieren en la producción de datos y cómo la presentación de estos condiciona el debate público por las responsabilidades y las víctimas del conflicto armado.

Abstract Figures are often cloaked in a mantle of veracity and forcefulness, which few people replicate because they are thought to be a reflection of reality and the data are mere aggregations of verifiable facts. This article asks uncomfortable questions of four official figures of the armed conflict, and it reveals their implications for struggles for truth. Its emphasis is on how contexts, mediators, and methodological decisions interfere with the production of data and how the presentation of these data constrains the public debate over responsibilities and victims of the armed conflict.

Assessment of the differences in the short-term clinical outcomes of superotemporal and inferonasal Baerveldt glaucoma implantation surgeries performed <i>via </i>the pars plana route / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate and discover whether different insertion areas for Baerveldt glaucoma implant(BGI)surgery produce different outcomes in terms of the reduction of intraocular pressure(IOP). <p>METHODS: This retrospective study involved the review of cases of patients admitted at Toho University Sakura Medical Center, who underwent BGI surgery <i>via</i> the pars plana route for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. The patients were divided into two groups: the superotemporal insertion group \〖18 eyes in 16 subjects(13 males, 3 females; mean age 62.9±14.4a)\〗 and the inferonasal insertion group \〖17 eyes in 15 subjects(11 males, 4 females; mean age 56.9±10.7a)\〗. The patients were followed up and re-evaluated at 12mo. The IOP reduction rate 12mo after surgery relative to preoperative IOP was compared between the two groups.<p>RESULTS: The mean preoperative IOP was 31.1±10.0 mmHg and postoperative IOP was 14.4±4.5 mmHg in the superotemporal group, whereas for the inferonasal group, the mean preoperative IOP was 34.9±9.7 mmHg and postoperative IOP was 15.9±3.7 mmHg. The IOP reduction rate of the superotemporal group was(50.0±19.0)% and that of the inferonasal group was(51.2±16.3)%. There was no significant correlation between the two groups(Student's<i> t</i>-test, <i>P</i>=0.590).<p>CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the short-term clinical outcomes between superotemporal and inferonasal BGI performed <i>via</i> the pars plana route.

Application of environmentally sensitive hydrogels in drug delivery / 药学学报

Environmentally sensitive hydrogels are a novel formulation that has developed rapidly in recent years. It could form semi-solid with good adhesion in the topical sites based on different physiological environments. Its long local retention time is conducive for sustained drug release, and the preparation process is relatively simple and easy to realize industrialization. This review summarized the categories, commonly used polymer, and different administration routes based on the recently published literatures. According to different response factors, it can be divided into temperature, pH, ion, light, and multiple sensitive hydrogels, among which temperature-sensitive hydrogels are the most common. The most commonly used polymers include chitosan, poly N-isopropyl acrylamide, and poloxamer. There are different administration routes for environmentally sensitive hydrogels, such as transdermal, ophthalmic, nasal, oral, vaginal, rectal, injection, etc. Environmentally sensitive hydrogels have broad prospects in clinical application.

Application Analysis of Tranexamic Acid in the Orthopedic Inpatients from 4 Third-grade Class-A Hospitals in Chongqing / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To investig ate the application and trend o f tranexamic acid in the orthopedic inpatient ，and to provide reference for rational drug use. METHODS ：The consumption of tranexamic acid ，the distribution of orthopedics diseases using tranexamic acid and route of administration were analyzed in 3 sub-departments （joint surgery department ，spinal surgery department，orthopedic trauma department ）from 4 third-grade class-A hospitals of Chongqing during 2017 to 2020. RESULTS ： The total consumption of tranexamic acid used in orthopaedic department had increased year by year in the past 4 years，with increase of 6.2％-52.2％，and the consumption of tranexamic acid in various departments also increased year by year ；from 2017 to 􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂􀤂 书辅料标明情况及风险控制建议 [J].中国药师，2018，21 中华中医药杂志，2018，33（6）：2225-2229. （18）：2020-2022. [10] 孟菲，李学林.中成药说明书中规格项存在的问题与探 [ 7 ] 国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典：二部[S]. 2010年 讨[J].当代医学，2015，21（12）：14-15. 版.北京：中国医药科技出版社，2010：1014. [11] 国家食品药品监督管理局 .中成药规格表述技术指导原 [ 8 ] 孟菲，李学林.中成药说明书中功能主治项表述方法的探 则：征求意见稿 [EB/OL].（2017-10-11）[2020-12-20]. 讨[J].中医药临床杂志，2015，27（1）：111-112. https：//www.nmpa.gov.cn/xxgk/zhqyj/zhqyjyp/20171011- [ 9 ] 田硕，郭晖，苗明三.中成药说明书完善的思考及实践[J]. 151401184.html. [12] 王裴芳.我国中成药说明书中老年人用药项的调查分 Δ基金项目：重庆市科技计划项目-技术预见与制度创新项目（No. 析[J].中国药房，2015，26（29）：4055-4057. cstc2018jsyj-zdcxX0052）；重庆市社会科学规划项目（No.2019QNGL31） [13] 林志健，周伟龙，张冰，等.中成药说明书中儿童用药信息 ＊硕士研究生 。研究方向 ：社会医学 、卫生事业管理 。电话： 023-68485178。E-mail：351389583@qq.com 的修订完善思考 [J].药物流行病学杂志 ，2018，27（4）： # 通信作者：教授，硕士生导师，硕士。研究方向：医事法学、卫生 244-248. 政策、卫生事业管理。电话：023-68485178。E-mail：puchuan68@sina. （收稿日期：2021-01-07 修回日期：2021-05-26） com （编辑：罗 瑞） ·1622· China Pharmacy 2021Vol. 32 No. 13 中国药房 2021年第32卷第13期 2019，joint surgery department accounted for the largest prop ortion（59.2％ ，53.5％ ，47.2％）to use tranexamic acid ，and orthopedic trauma department accounted for the largest proportion （39.2％）in 2020. On the whole ，top 4 orthopedic diseases in the list of the consumption of tranexamic acid were joint replacement （25.5％-29.6％），hip fracture （19.3％-23.6％），diaphysis fracture （13.5％-18.6％）and pelvic and acetabular fracture （8.2％-14.0％）. The route of administration for tranexamic acid in spinal surgery department ，joint surgery department and orthopedic trauma department was mainly intravenous application every year （accounting for 55.1％-81.0％，46.9％-77.1％，49.3％-73.3％，44.9％-71.5％）. CONCLUSIONS ：The consumption of tranexamic acid in orthopedic inpatients is increased year by year ，and is dominated by joint surgery department and orthopedic trauma department. The route of tranexamic acid is still mainly intravenous administration ，which is safe and reliable.